Home   Services Bank instruments ABOUT US As individuals, we have an inbuilt set of standards and beliefs that reflect our character. As a business,  business oil&gas also upholds certain values that represent the essence of what we are as a Company. MORE ABOUT US core Values Testimonials DOWNLOADS Bank instruments  SBLC  a SBLC (Stand by Letter of Credit) is a document issued by a bank, guaranteeing payment on behalf of a client. This is used as a “payment of last resort” if the client fails to fulfill a contractual commitment with a third party. In all reality, the SBLC is just a piece of paper with a “value” backed by the good credit of the bank, allowing clients use a “conditional collateral” if needed. The SBLC (Stand by Letter of Credit) is commonly used when two parties enter into a contract calling for one party to arrange a L/C in favor of the other.  With any Stand by Letter of Credit, the agreement is the SBLC will NOT be “drawn” unless the owner defaults on the contract.  If the beneficiary was to monetize the SBLC without prior agreement, the owner could dispute the contract in court. The truth is, SBLC’s are rare and used MOSTLY in industrial or bulk commodity sales, serving as a “performance bond” of sorts. LC  Letters of credit are often used in international transactions to ensure that payment will be received. Due to the nature of international dealings including factors such as distance, differing laws in each country and difficulty in knowing each party personally, the use of letters of credit has become a very important aspect of international trade. The bank also acts on behalf of the buyer (holder of letter of credit) by ensuring that the supplier will not be paid until the bank receives a confirmation that the goods have been shipped. BANK DRAFT  A type of check where the payment is guaranteed to be available by issuing bank. Typically, banks will review the bank draft requester's account to see if sufficient funds are available for the check to clear. Once it has been confirmed that sufficient funds are available, the bank effectively sets aside the funds from the person's account to be given out when the bank draft is used. SWIFT MT103  Founded in Brussels in 1973, the Society for the Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is a co-operative organisation dedicated to the promotion and development of standardized global interactivity for financial transactions.  SWIFT MT-103’s are the most commonly used form of SWIFT communication, and are normally used to make payment to customers of another bank in another country. Corporates often confuse the MT103 with the MT101, which they would use themselves when initiating a payment through SWIFT. MT202  This message is sent by or on behalf of the ordering institution directly, or through correspondent(s), to the financial institution of the beneficiary institution. It is used to order the movement of funds to the beneficiary institution. This message may also be sent to a financial institution servicing multiple accounts for the Sender to transfer funds between these accounts.   MT799 AND MT760  he global swift system is used by more than eight thousand financial institutions in sending and receiving various financial statements and letters. The most prominent letter used in this system is the mt760 swift and the mt799 swift. These two letters have a number of differences and similarities. The main similarity between the two types of swift messages is in how they are sent. Both letters are sent from one bank to another without necessarily consulting the client. Another similarity is that both letters are sent during a significantly large transaction between two individuals. In spite of these similarities, the two swift messages have numerous differences that individuals should be aware of.  The main difference between the mt760 swift message and the mt799 swift message is in when they are sent. The mt799 is sent before the mt760 and is a prelude to the sending of the mt760. Hence, the role of the mt799 is merely to notify and nothing else. This document is sent days or weeks before the sending of the mt760. It is important to note that the mt799 has no impact on the financial situation of an individual. This is another big difference that exists between the two documents.  The mt760 swift message will impact the financial condition of a client since it a verification of freezing of funds by one bank. The mt799 swift message will have no impact on the financial situation of an individual since it is sent before the funds are frozen. This is another difference between the two documents. Another difference between the two documents is that the mt760 swift is sent after the sending bank has set aside the required amount of money. The mt799 is sent before the sending bank freezes the required amount of money in the purchasing individual’s bank account. MT110  MT110 Drawing Advices are sent by a Financial Institution that has drawn a Cheque on its account-holding branch, and are received within a Bank. There, they are held on file and manually matched against the incoming Cheque as and when these are presented for payment, or the payment can be stopped if an MT 111 Stop Cheque Request is received.   Link to all formats  http://www.e-bookspdf.org/download/swift-mt-110.html LEASING INSTRUMENTS Financial Instrument For Lease/Sale ( BG, SBLC, MTN) We also provide a genuine lender from London, U.K who offer financial instrument lease and sale at a reasonable price with affordable procedure and condition. Our bank instrument lender offer Fresh Cut and Seasoned bank instrument such BG, SBLC, MTN and Confirmable Bank Draft (CBD), which can be engage into PPP Trading, Outright Discounting, signatory project(s) such as Aviation, Agriculture, Petroleum, Telecommunication, construction of Dams, Bridges, Real Estate and all kind of projects. With our bank instrument you can establish line of credit with your bank or secure loan for your projects in which our bank instrument will serve a collateral in your bank to fund your project. We deliver with time and precision as Sethforth in the agreement. Our terms and Conditions are reasonable. Below procedure its for BG/SBLC and MTN lease, other bank instrument procedure will be provided on request. DESCRIPTION OF INSTRUMENT: 1. Instrument: Bank Guarantee {BG/SBLC} 2. Total Face Value: Eur 10M{Minimum} to Eur 10B{Maximum} 3. Issuing Bank: HSBC Bank Plc and Barclays Bank Plc {London, U.K} 4. Age: One Year and One Month 5. Leasing Price: 6%+2% =8% 6. Delivery: MT-760 {Bank-To-Bank Swift} 7. Payment: MT103/23 8. Hard Copy: Bonded Courier Service {within three banking days}   BANK INSTRUMENTS   UNDERSTANDING BANK INSTRUMENTS, FROM BANK TO END INVESTOR   With so many people trying to broker private placement programs and bank instrument sales, we felt that it was critical to outline the entire process from instrument creation to maturity. To truly understand the purpose and functions of bank instruments, we must first define what a bank instrument in fact is.  By definition, bank instruments are asset backed notes issued by a bank to an investor which mature over 5-10 years, collecting an annual coupon (“interest”) until it matures at its pre-defined value. For those who don’t understand why debt instruments, bonds, or notes are created, let’s explain it all in 2 sentences: Companies, or in our case banks, create paper notes (“IOU’s”) which they sell to investors, guaranteeing a certain annual interest and maturity value.  This allows the investor to collect their expected profit, while the bank accesses immediate cash to meet capital requirements for additional financing opportunities. Unlike its boring cousins (bonds), the bank instrument is rather complex, and is typically referred to as a “hybrid note”.  Unique amongst most debit financing notes, bank instruments: collect high annual interest rates, are backed by top rated banks, and are issued ONLY in amounts of 50 Million EURO or greater. Though those are intriguing qualities, the key is: bank instruments can be purchased at a discount from face value, and traded to investors in the secondary market. Since we understand this topic is rather complex, we created a 5 step summary to clarify the details of how bank instruments evolve. This will explain the relation of bank instruments to private placement programs, and the investment benefits to purchasing bank notes. Bank Instrument Steps to Maturation 1. Once the investor or trader has been cleared through compliance, the issuing bank will “cut”/create an instrument (Medium Term Note or Bank Guarantee), naming the investor or trader as the sole beneficiary.  This instrument will have a predefined interest rate (0-7.5%/yr.), and a value on the date of its maturity. At this point, the purchaser would more than likely pay a discounted rate to the issuing bank, ranging from 60-90% of face value, depending on their relationships and the instrument’s size. 2. If the investor chooses to hold the note, they just collect interest and exercise the value upon maturity.  If the initial purchaser was a “trader”, they would have a pre-defined “exit buyer” to buy the note at a higher value (ex. Trader buy at 65, sell at 74).  As you can see with spreads like that, if the trader can consistently access instruments, they can organize a very profitable private placement program. 3. Once the first purchaser has purchased the note, they will usually resell it to another buyer at a higher price.  Though the buyer isn’t purchasing the note directly from the bank, many private placement programs are run by middlemen who fit right here in the process. Usually, they will purchase the note, and make a profit similar to what was made off of them (ex. Buy at 74, sell at 81). People in this position are usually high net worth individuals, large corporations, hedge funds, etc. 4. The final middle man repeats the process the others have done, but they look for a different type of buyer. In this case, the note has been traded several times, and is at a smaller discount than it originally was. For many that may not be appealing, but for for some that seems intriguing and less “risky”. Since everyone can verify the instrument has been owned by several companies (“seasoned”), institutional buyers such as pension funds, hedge funds, mutual funds, and other low risk ventures flock for security and higher yields.  As expected, the final middle man usually sells the note to an institutional buyer for a profit similar to what was made off of them (ex. Buy at 81, sell at 90). 5. The final purchaser holds the note, collecting the difference between the discount they paid vs. face value, and the annual interest until the time of its maturity. Though the information above is accurate, the spreads per trade may vary depending upon a number of variables.  To state the obvious, different traders, banks, relationships, and strategies can make prices/profits fluctuate. Copyright © 2014. All Rights Reserved.      

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Oil and Gas

As individuals, we have an inbuilt set of standards and beliefs that reflect our character. As a business, business oil&gas also upholds certain values that represent the essence of what we are as a Company. MORE ABOUT US core Values Testimonials DOWNLOADS Oil and Gas Our focus is on value,( cutting out the confusion and delivering to you a straightforward and effective UK importing solution. Shipping to the UK made simple.    Whether you are about to start importing to the UK for the first time or you have experience of importing for years talk to our friendly professional team for a UK shipping solution tailored to your needs. CRUDE OIL  The global oil markets have seen significant fluctuations in the past year, with demand driven down by a weak global economy and driven upward after natural disasters in India and Japan. It is expected that world oil demand growth in 2013 will remain stable. However, weakness in the global economy is still causing a great deal of uncertainty for oil industry professionals worldwide . business oil&gas has a long history in examining and reporting on the global crude oil markets. Our experts in Dubai, London, Iran and across China provide market players with the latest pricing information for seven global regions, in-depth analysis on factors driving the price of crude, plus market reviews and outlooks. Our crude oil market insights deliver all the information needed to stay on top of developments across global markets, for more confident trading and forecasting. WHAT IS CRUDE OIL,  AND WHAT IS IT USED FOR?  Crude oil is pumped from the ground in the Middle East (e.g.,Iran , Saudi Arabian Arab Light), West Africa (e.g., Nigerian Bonny Light), the Americas, and Asia (Russia), pumped into ships called tankers, and sailed across the ocean to oil refineries on the Delaware River. Refining is the complex series of processes that manufactures finished petroleum products out of crude oil. While refining begins as simple distillation (by heating and separating), refiners must use more sophisticated additional processes and equipment in order to produce the mix of products that the market demands. Generally, this latter effort minimizes the production of heavier, lower value products (for example, residual fuel oil, used to power large ocean-going ships) in favor of middle distillates (jet fuel, kerosene, home heating oil and diesel fuel) and lighter, higher value products (liquid petroleum gases (LPG), naphtha, and gasoline). LIGHT CRUDE OIL  Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density and flows freely at room temperature. [1] It has a low viscosity, low specific gravity and high API gravity due to the presence of a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions.[ 2] It generally has a low wax content. Light crude oil receives a higher pricethan heavy crude oil on commodity markets because it produces a higher percentage of gasoline and diesel fuel when converted into products by an oil refinery. Light crude is composed

of a high number of paraffins, which are straight and branched chain hydrocarbons that have a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. Essentially, they have two hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom they contain. Because hydrogen weighs roughly 12 times less than carbon, paraffins are lighter and less dense than hydrocarbons with a lower hydrogen to carbon ratio. The best light crudes contain roughly 60% paraffin.   HEAVY CRUDE OIL   Heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude oil is oil that is highly viscous, and cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions.(Mai) [1] It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°.(Dusseault 2001) [2]Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as heavier molecular composition. In 2010, the World Energy Council defined extra heavy oil as crude oil having a gravity of less than 10° and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 10 000 centipoises. When reservoir viscosity measurements are not available, extra-heavy oil is considered by the WEC to have a lower limit of 4° °API.(WEC 2007) [3] (i.e. with density greater than 1000 kg/m3 or, equivalently, [4]a specific gravity greater than 1 and a reservoil viscosity of no more than 10,000 centipoises. [5] Heavy oils and asphalt are dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). They have a "low solubility and are with viscosity lower and density higher than water.(2003 & Llamas 118) [6] "Large spills of DNAPL will quickly penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom."(2008 & Vrba 23)[ 7] Heavy crude oil is closely related to natural bitumen from oil sands. Petroleum geologists categorize bitumen from oil sands as ‘extra-heavy oil’ due to its density of less than 10° °API. [8]Bitumen is the heaviest, thickest form of petroleum.[ 9]According to the U.S. Geological Survey, bitumen is further distinguished as extra-heavy oil with a higherviscosity (i.e., resistance to flow): “Natural bitumen, also called tar sands or oil sands, shares the attributes of heavy oil but is yet more dense and viscous. N cP.”[8] “Natural bitumen (often called tar sands or oil sands) and heavy oil differ from light oils by their high viscosity (resistance to flow) at reservoir temperatures, high density (low API gravity), and significant contents of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds and heavy-metal contaminants. They resemble the residuum from the refining of light oil. Most heavy oil is found at the margins of geologic basins and is thought to be the residue of formerly light oil that has lost its light-molecular-weight components through degradation by bacteria, water-washing, and evaporation. Conventional heavy oil and bitumens differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original crude oil by bacteria and erosion.(Meyer & 2003 1) Often, bitumen is more viscous than cold molasses and does not flow at ambientconditions.[9] According to World Resources Institute, concentrations of remarkable quantities of heavy oil and oil sands are found in Canada and Venezuela.[2] [10] The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported in 2001 that the largest reserves of heavy crude oil in the world were located north of the Orinoco river 270-mile long by 40-mile wide Orinoco Belt in eastern Venezuela. At that time Venezuela began authorizing "joint ventures to upgrade the extra-heavy crude resources."  [11] Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) at that time estimated that there were 270 billion barrels of recoverable reserves in the area ,[11] the same amount as the conventional oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. [12] The Orinoco Belt in Venezuela is sometimes described as oil sands, but these deposits are non-bituminous, falling instead into the category of heavy or extra-heavy oil due to their lower viscosity .[13]Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original conventional oils by bacteria. According to the WEC, extra-heavy oil has "a gravity of less than 10° °API and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 10,000 centipoise".[ 4] Thirty or more countries are known to have reserves. Production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present special challenges compared to light crude oil. Generally, a diluent is added at regular distances in a pipeline carrying heavy crude to facilitate its flow.  [14]Dilbit (diluted bitumen) is a means of transporting highly viscous hydrocarbon. Per the Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology, "Dilbit Blends" means "Blends made from heavy crudes and/or bitumens and a diluent usually condensate, for the purpose of meeting pipeline viscosity and density specifications, where the density of the diluent included in the blend is less than 800 kg/m3. [15] ¡MAZUT   Mazut is a heavy, low quality fuel oil, used generating plants and similar applications. In the United States and Western Europe, mazut is blended or broken down, with the end product being diesel. Mazut may be used for heating houses in the former USSR and in countries of the Far East that do not have the facilities to blend or break it down into more conventional petro-chemicals. In the West, furnaces that burn mazut are commonly called "waste oil" heaters or "waste oil" furnaces. Mazut-100 is a fuel oil that is manufactured to GOSTspecifications, for example GOST 10585-75 (not active), GOST 10585-99 Oil fuel. Mazut. Specifications (active, last modified 07.01.2010) . (GOST is the Russian system of standards, much like ASTM, for example). Mazut is almost exclusively manufactured in the Russian Federation,Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. This product is typically used for larger boilers in producing steam since the  BTU content is high. The most important consideration (not the only consideration) when grading this fuel is the sulfur content, which can mostly be affected by the source feedstock. For shipment purposes, this product is considered a ”dirty oil” product, and because viscosity drastically affect whether it is able to be pumped, shipping has unique requirements. Mazut is much like Number 6 Oil, and is part of the products left over after gasoline and lighter components are evaporated from the crude oil. The main difference between the different types of Mazut-100 is the content of sulphur. The grades are represented by these sulfuric levels: ”Very Low Sulphur” is mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5% ”Low Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5-1.0% ”Normal Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 1.0-2.0% ”High Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 2.0-3.5% Very Low Sulfur mazut is generally made from the lowest sulfur crude feedstocks. It has a very limited volume to be exported because: The number of producers in Russia are limited. Refineries which produce this are generally the largest of oil companies, such as Lukoil and Rosneft, etc. A minimum of half of the total volume is sold only to the domestic market in Russia and the CIS. Most of the remainder of this specific product are reserved by state quotas for state controlled companies abroad. The remaining volumes available for export are sold according to state quotas, via state auctions, accessible only to Russian domestic companies with special access and experience with these auctions. Low to high sulfur mazut is available from Russia and other CIS countries (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan). The technical specifications are represented in the same way, according to the Russian GOST standard 10585-99. The Russian origin mazut demands higher prices. BITUMEN/ASPHALT   "Bitumen" redirects here. For naturally occurring bituminous sands used for petroleum production, see Oil sands. For other uses, see Asphalt (disambiguation). Note: The terms bitumen and asphalt are mostly interchangeable, except where asphalt is used as an abbreviation for asphalt concrete. This article uses "asphalt/bitumen" where either term is acceptable.    Natural asphalt/bitumen from theDead Sea    refined asphalt/bitumen    The University of Queenslandpitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscosity of asphalt/bitumen Asphalt (US i/ˈæsfɔːlt/ or UK /ˈæsfælt/,[1] [2] occasionally /ˈæʃfɔːlt/), also known as bitumen (/bɪˈtjuːmən, baɪ-/),[3] [4] is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product; it is a substance classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used .[5] The word is derived from the Greek 'asphaltos' which in turn was borrowed from an Eastern word.  [6] The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.[7] The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. InAmerican English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillationprocess of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geological terminology often prefers the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch". Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses[8] [9]while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". D2/GAS OIL  D2 is a refinery abbreviation for Gasoil. It is the second distillate from the crude, and can be used without reformers and additives. So, the first engines used D2 as fuel - before petrol cars as we know them today was invented. That is because the engine invented by a German called Diesel, requires no spark plugs. The diesel engine will ignite and combust when the pressure increases so that the heated "plug" makes it explode. Here we get the name "Diesel" - since the same principles are used in diesel engines today. However, automotive diesel that you fill has additives that the refinery will add to make the engine more efficient and also easier to start in the winter. if you read the small print, you will see that diesel changes "flash point" in the winter. It also has additives to absorb water that condense as you have it in your car (same as petrol) - but since the diesel is injected right into the cylinder, the ice will destroy the nozzles long before the engine. If you use summer diesel in the winter, you will get better mileage, but your fuel pipes may freeze and can also burst, and the wax makes the diesel flow thicker.  The principal differentiators in GASOIL or D2 is the content of sulphur. Just 10 years ago, the US EPA introduced a limit of 4% sulphur in the GASOIL, whereas Europe and the rest of the world followed later. As in most other cases, when you first have to remove the sulphur, it was soon discovered ways of doing this more efficient. Then it was discovered that the sulphur, as sulphuric acid, could be traded with a good profit - which now is the motivator for extracting as much as possible. Well, pour this over limestone, and you get cement and add to it other chemicals, and you can get cement that are more valuable than the Gasoil / D2.  So "Low sulphur Gasoil" is no longer 4 percent - but below 0.2 percent. Then we have a new, "Ultra Low Sulphur" at 0.02% at the most, and the limit here is (a) that mass spectographs requires extensive calibration to measure below 1000ppm, and (b) sulphur has a way to form clogs - the molecules binds to free hydrogen molecules and form a cluster of molecules that will break if "cracked" by the refinery, but as explained above, D2 is a distillate and has not been "cracked". So - take a pint of ULSG, you may have the misfortune of having 0.1 percent sulphur - but the average for a barrel will be less then 0.02 - its just you managed to get a cluster of molecules. D1  D1 is road use approved kerosene (K1 clear) JP54   Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF) is a type of aviation fueldesigned for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colourless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15.[1] Copyright © 2014. All Rights Reserved.      o

Metals

business oil&gas is a worldwide supplier of raw materials and intermediate products, with a focus on non-ferrous metals, and construction materials for a broad range of industrial applications.

Our range of products includes but is not limited to the following:

Aluminium

Brass

Bronze

Copper

Lead

Magnesium

NickelPrecious Metals

Tin

Zinc

Gas Our focus is on value, cutting out the confusion and delivering to you a straightforward and effective UK importing solution. Shipping to the UK made simple. Whether you are about to start importing to the UK for the first time or you have experience of importing for years talk to our friendly professional team for a UK shipping solution tailored to your needs. CRUDE OIL The global oil markets have seen significant fluctuations in the past year, with demand driven down by a weak global economy and driven upward after natural disasters in India and Japan. It is expected that world oil demand growth in 2013 will remain stable. However, weakness in the global economy is still causing a great deal of uncertainty for oil industry professionals worldwide. business oil&gas has a long history in examining and reporting on the global crude oil markets. Our experts in Dubai, London, Iran and across China provide market players with the latest pricing information for seven global regions, in-depth analysis on factors driving the price of crude, plus market reviews and outlooks. Our crude oil market insights deliver all the information needed to stay on top of developments across global markets, for more confident trading and forecasting. WHAT IS CRUDE OIL, AND WHAT IS IT USED FOR? Seafood icon Crude oil is pumped from the ground in the Middle East (e.g.,Iran , Saudi Arabian Arab Light), West Africa (e.g., Nigerian Bonny Light), the Americas, and Asia (Russia), pumped into ships called tankers, and sailed across the ocean to oil refineries on the Delaware River. Refining is the complex series of processes that manufactures finished petroleum products out of crude oil. While refining begins as simple distillation (by heating and separating), refiners must use more sophisticated additional processes and equipment in order to produce the mix of products that the market demands. Generally, this latter effort minimizes the production of heavier, lower value products (for example, residual fuel oil, used to power large ocean-going ships) in favor of middle distillates (jet fuel, kerosene, home heating oil and diesel fuel) and lighter, higher value products (liquid petroleum gases (LPG), naphtha, and gasoline). LIGHT CRUDE OIL Light crude oil is liquid petroleum that has a low density and flows freely at room temperature.[1] It has a low viscosity, low specific gravity and high API gravity due to the presence of a high proportion of light hydrocarbon fractions.[2] It generally has a low wax content. Light crude oil receives a higher price than heavy crude oil on commodity markets because it produces a higher percentage of gasoline and diesel fuel when converted into products by an oil refinery. Light crude is composed of a high number of paraffins, which are straight and branched chain hydrocarbons that have a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. Essentially, they have two hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom they contain. Because hydrogen weighs roughly 12 times less than carbon, paraffins are lighter and less dense than hydrocarbons with a lower hydrogen to carbon ratio. The best light crudes contain roughly 60% paraffin. HEAVY CRUDE OIL Heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude oil is oil that is highly viscous, and cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions.(Mai)[1] It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°.(Dusseault 2001)[2] Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as heavier molecular composition. In 2010, the World Energy Council defined extra heavy oil as crude oil having a gravity of less than 10° and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 10 000 centipoises. When reservoir viscosity measurements are not available, extra-heavy oil is considered by the WEC to have a lower limit of 4° °API.(WEC 2007)[3] (i.e. with density greater than 1000 kg/m3 or, equivalently, a specific gravity greater than 1 and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 10,000 centipoises.[4][5] Heavy oils and asphalt are dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). They have a "low solubility and are with viscosity lower and density higher than water.(2003 & Llamas 118)[6] "Large spills of DNAPL will quickly penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate on its bottom."(2008 & Vrba 23)[7] Heavy crude oil is closely related to natural bitumen from oil sands. Petroleum geologists categorize bitumen from oil sands as ‘extra-heavy oil’ due to its density of less than 10° °API.[8] Bitumen is the heaviest, thickest form of petroleum.[9] According to the U.S. Geological Survey, bitumen is further distinguished as extra-heavy oil with a higherviscosity (i.e., resistance to flow): “Natural bitumen, also called tar sands or oil sands, shares the attributes of heavy oil but is yet more dense and viscous. Natural bitumen is oil having a viscosity greater than 10,000 cP.”[8] “Natural bitumen (often called tar sands or oil sands) and heavy oil differ from light oils by their high viscosity (resistance to flow) at reservoir temperatures, high density (low API gravity), and significant contents of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds and heavy-metal contaminants. They resemble the residuum from the refining of light oil. Most heavy oil is found at the margins of geologic basins and is thought to be the residue of formerly light oil that has lost its light-molecular-weight components through degradation by bacteria, water-washing, and evaporation. Conventional heavy oil and bitumens differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original crude oil by bacteria and erosion.(Meyer & 2003 1) Often, bitumen is more viscous than cold molasses and does not flow at ambient conditions.[9] According to World Resources Institute, concentrations of remarkable quantities of heavy oil and oil sands are found in Canada and Venezuela.[2][10] The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) reported in 2001 that the largest reserves of heavy crude oil in the world were located north of the Orinoco river 270-mile long by 40-mile wide Orinoco Belt in eastern Venezuela. At that time Venezuela began authorizing "joint ventures to upgrade the extra-heavy crude resources." [11] Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA) at that time estimated that there were 270 billion barrels of recoverable reserves in the area,[11] the same amount as the conventional oil reserves of Saudi Arabia.[12] The Orinoco Belt in Venezuela is sometimes described as oil sands, but these deposits are non-bituminous, falling instead into the category of heavy or extra-heavy oil due to their lower viscosity.[13]Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil differ in the degree by which they have been degraded from the original conventional oils by bacteria. According to the WEC, extra-heavy oil has "a gravity of less than 10° °API and a reservoir viscosity of no more than 10,000 centipoise".[4] Thirty or more countries are known to have reserves. Production, transportation, and refining of heavy crude oil present special challenges compared to light crude oil. Generally, a diluent is added at regular distances in a pipeline carrying heavy crude to facilitate its flow. Dilbit (diluted bitumen) is a means of transporting highly viscous hydrocarbon. Per the Alberta Oil Sands Bitumen Valuation Methodology, "Dilbit Blends" means "Blends made from heavy crudes and/or bitumens and a diluent usually condensate, for the purpose of meeting pipeline viscosity and density specifications, where the density of the diluent included in the blend is less than 800 kg/m3."[14][15] MAZUT Mazut is a heavy, low quality fuel oil, used in generating plants and similar applications. In the United States and Western Europe, mazut is blended or broken down, with the end product being diesel. Mazut may be used for heating houses in the former USSR and in countries of the Far East that do not have the facilities to blend or break it down into more conventional petro-chemicals. In the West, furnaces that burn mazut are commonly called "waste oil" heaters or "waste oil" furnaces. Mazut-100 is a fuel oil that is manufactured to GOST specifications, for example GOST 10585-75 (not active), GOST 10585-99 Oil fuel. Mazut. Specifications (active, last modified 07.01.2010) . (GOST is the Russian system of standards, much like ASTM, for example). Mazut is almost exclusively manufactured in the Russian Federation,Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. This product is typically used for larger boilers in producing steam since the BTU content is high. The most important consideration (not the only consideration) when grading this fuel is the sulfur content, which can mostly be affected by the source feedstock. For shipment purposes, this product is considered a ”dirty oil” product, and because viscosity drastically affect whether it is able to be pumped, shipping has unique requirements. Mazut is much like Number 6 Oil, and is part of the products left over after gasoline and lighter components are evaporated from the crude oil. The main difference between the different types of Mazut-100 is the content of sulphur. The grades are represented by these sulfuric levels: ”Very Low Sulphur” is mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5% ”Low Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 0.5-1.0% ”Normal Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 1.0-2.0% ”High Sulphur” is a mazut with a sulphur content of 2.0-3.5% Very Low Sulfur mazut is generally made from the lowest sulfur crude feedstocks. It has a very limited volume to be exported because: The number of producers in Russia are limited. Refineries which produce this are generally the largest of oil companies, such as Lukoil and Rosneft, etc. A minimum of half of the total volume is sold only to the domestic market in Russia and the CIS. Most of the remainder of this specific product are reserved by state quotas for state controlled companies abroad. The remaining volumes available for export are sold according to state quotas, via state auctions, accessible only to Russian domestic companies with special access and experience with these auctions. Low to high sulfur mazut is available from Russia and other CIS countries (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan). The technical specifications are represented in the same way, according to the Russian GOST standard 10585-99. The Russian origin mazut demands higher prices. BITUMEN/ASPHALT "Bitumen" redirects here. For naturally occurring bituminous sands used for petroleum production, see Oil sands. For other uses, see Asphalt (disambiguation). Note: The terms bitumen and asphalt are mostly interchangeable, except where asphalt is used as an abbreviation for asphalt concrete. This article uses "asphalt/bitumen" where either term is acceptable. Natural asphalt/bitumen from theDead Sea refined asphalt/bitumen The University of Queenslandpitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscosity of asphalt/bitumen Asphalt (US Listeni/ˈæsfɔːlt/ or UK /ˈæsfælt/,[1][2] occasionally /ˈæʃfɔːlt/), also known as bitumen (/bɪˈtjuːmən, baɪ-/),[3][4] is a sticky, black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product; it is a substance classed as a pitch. Until the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.[5] The word is derived from the Greek 'asphaltos' which in turn was borrowed from an Eastern word. [6] The primary use (70%) of asphalt/bitumen is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.[7] The terms asphalt and bitumen are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. InAmerican English, asphalt (or asphalt cement) is the carefully refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called bitumen. Geological terminology often prefers the term bitumen. Common usage often refers to various forms of asphalt/bitumen as "tar", such as at the La Brea Tar Pits. Another archaic term for asphalt/bitumen is "pitch". Naturally occurring asphalt/bitumen is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses[8][9]while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". D2/GAS OIL D2 is a refinery abbreviation for Gasoil. It is the second distillate from the crude, and can be used without reformers and additives. So, the first engines used D2 as fuel - before petrol cars as we know them today was invented. That is because the engine invented by a German called Diesel, requires no spark plugs. The diesel engine will ignite and combust when the pressure increases so that the heated "plug" makes it explode. Here we get the name "Diesel" - since the same principles are used in diesel engines today. However, automotive diesel that you fill has additives that the refinery will add to make the engine more efficient and also easier to start in the winter. if you read the small print, you will see that diesel changes "flash point" in the winter. It also has additives to absorb water that condense as you have it in your car (same as petrol) - but since the diesel is injected right into the cylinder, the ice will destroy the nozzles long before the engine. If you use summer diesel in the winter, you will get better mileage, but your fuel pipes may freeze and can also burst, and the wax makes the diesel flow thicker. The principal differentiators in GASOIL or D2 is the content of sulphur. Just 10 years ago, the US EPA introduced a limit of 4% sulphur in the GASOIL, whereas Europe and the rest of the world followed later. As in most other cases, when you first have to remove the sulphur, it was soon discovered ways of doing this more efficient. Then it was discovered that the sulphur, as sulphuric acid, could be traded with a good profit - which now is the motivator for extracting as much as possible. Well, pour this over limestone, and you get cement and add to it other chemicals, and you can get cement that are more valuable than the Gasoil / D2. So "Low sulphur Gasoil" is no longer 4 percent - but below 0.2 percent. Then we have a new, "Ultra Low Sulphur" at 0.02% at the most, and the limit here is (a) that mass spectographs requires extensive calibration to measure below 1000ppm, and (b) sulphur has a way to form clogs - the molecules binds to free hydrogen molecules and form a cluster of molecules that will break if "cracked" by the refinery, but as explained above, D2 is a distillate and has not been "cracked". So - take a pint of ULSG, you may have the misfortune of having 0.1 percent sulphur - but the average for a barrel will be less then 0.02 - its just you managed to get a cluster of molecules. D1 D1 is road use approved kerosene (K1 clear) JP54 Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colourless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the product, for example, the freezing point or smoke point. Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon atoms per molecule); wide-cut or naphtha-type jet fuel (including Jet B), between about 5 and 15.[1] Copyright © 2014. All Rights